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Reputation laundering

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Reputation laundering occurs when a person or an organization conceals unethical, corrupt, or criminal behavior or other forms of controversy by performing highly visible positive actions with the intent to improve their reputation and obscure their history.

Reputation laundering can include gestures such as donating to charities, sponsoring sports teams, or joining prominent associations.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2></div>

One of the first uses of the phrase "reputation laundering" was in 1996, in the book The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime, which defined it as "the process of acquiring respectability in a new environment".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

An early use of the phrase in mass media was in 2010, in a <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> article headlined "PR firms make London world capital of reputation laundering", a report which focused on the use of <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> (PR) firms by heads of state (including <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) to obscure human rights abuses and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-GUARD2010-3">[3]</a>

The phrase was in common use by 2016 when it was used by <a href="Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> in their report "Paradise Lost: Ending the UK's role as a safe haven for corrupt individuals, their allies and assets". In that report, they defined reputation laundering as "the process of concealing the corrupt actions, past or present, of an individual, government or corporate entity, and presenting their character and behaviour in a positive light."<a href="#cite_note-TIREPORT-4">[4]</a>

The phrase "reputation laundering" is a <a href="Word_play" title="Word play">play</a> on the older phrase "<a href="Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_associated_with_reputation_laundering">Activities associated with reputation laundering</h2></div>

Reputation laundering includes activities such as:<a href="#cite_note-TIREPORT-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NED-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li>Using public relations companies</li>

<li>Developing political connections to influence governments</li>

<li>Hiring law firms to combat allegations related to past unethical conduct</li>

<li>Donating to cultural, charitable, and educational organizations</li>

<li>Sending children to elite schools</li>

<li>Investing in prestigious sports teams</li>

<li>Sponsoring major sporting or entertainment events</li>

<li>Buying highly-visible luxury real estate</li>

<li>Hiring consultants to enhance their image</li>

<li>Establishing partnerships with museums or universities</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_relations_firms">Public relations firms</h2></div>

Reputation laundering activities are sometimes delegated to professional public relations (PR) firms. Techniques employed by PR firms on behalf of the purportedly corrupt or criminal customers include fake social media accounts, blogs by fake personalities, or partisan op-eds.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

The British public relations firm <a href="Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a> is noted for using PR techniques for reputation laundering, supporting clients such as <a href="Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, <a href="Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and the Pinochet Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-UKPR-7">[7]</a>

Public relations firms <a href="Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, <a href="Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a>, and <a href="Qorvis" title="Qorvis">Qorvis</a> were hired by Saudi Arabia to perform reputation laundering after <a href="9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> and the <a href="Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NED-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sportswashing" title="Sportswashing">Sportswashing</a></div>

Involvement in professional sports, by sponsorship or ownership, is a prominent activity used for reputation laundering. Examples include the creation of <a href="Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> car races in Qatar and Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> ownership of <a href="Chelsea_F.C." title="Chelsea F.C.">Chelsea F.C.</a> by <a href="Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and ownership of the <a href="Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United football club</a> by Saudi Arabian investors.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity">Charity</h3></div>

Reputation laundering often involves charitable donations from the persons attempting to improve their reputation. One study found that Russian oligarchs had donated between $372 million and $435 million to charitable institutions in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYMAG-11">[11]</a> Charities and non-profits that received funds, according to a database compiled by David Szakonyi and Casey Michel include <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, <a href="Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, <a href="Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, <a href="John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a>, <a href="New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and the <a href="New_York_Museum_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Museum of Modern Art">New York Museum of Modern Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYMAG-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC1-12">[12]</a>

The <a href="Sackler_family" title="Sackler family">Sackler family</a> is particularly notable for its charitable donations that aim to repair their reputation, which was heavily damaged by their role in the <a href="Opioid_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid crisis">opioid crisis</a>. Since 2009, the family has donated over £170m to art institutions in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-OHAGAN-13">[13]</a>

The family's philanthropy has been characterized as "reputation laundering" from profits acquired from the selling of opiates.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Sackler family name, as used in institutions which the family have donated to, saw increased scrutiny in the late 2010s over the family's association with OxyContin. David Crow, writing in the Financial Times, described the family name as "tainted" (cf. <a href="Ethics_of_philanthropy#Tainted_donors" title="Ethics of philanthropy">Tainted donors</a>).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In March 2019, the <a href="National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> and the <a href="Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a> galleries announced that they would not accept further donations from the family. This came after the American photographer <a href="Nan_Goldin" title="Nan Goldin">Nan Goldin</a> threatened to withdraw a planned retrospective of her work in the National Portrait Gallery if the gallery accepted a £1 million donation from a Sackler fund.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In June 2019, <a href="NYU_Langone_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Langone Medical Center">NYU Langone Medical Center</a> announced they will no longer be accepting donations from the Sacklers, and have since changed the name of the <a href="Sackler_Institute_of_Graduate_Biomedical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences">Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences</a> to the <a href="Vilcek" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilcek">Vilcek</a> Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Later in 2019, the <a href="American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, and the <a href="Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a> and <a href="Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York, each announced they will not accept future donations from any Sacklers that were involved in Purdue Pharma.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2022, the British Museum announced that it would rename the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Rooms and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Wing, as part of "development of the new masterplan", and that it "made this decision together through collaborative discussions" with the Sackler Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Cascone2022-22">[22]</a> Prior to the collapse of his <a href="Cryptocurrency_exchange" title="Cryptocurrency exchange">cryptocurrency exchange</a>, FTX, entrepreneur <a href="Sam_Bankman-Fried" title="Sam Bankman-Fried">Sam Bankman-Fried</a> did not have known wrong doing to launder, but is alleged to have used (among other means) "a value system of utilitarian idealism ... not orientated toward money"<a href="#cite_note-Helmore-ponzi-2022-23">[23]</a>—for example promising to give away 99 percent of his fortune<a href="#cite_note-Kim-flameout-22-12-22-24">[24]</a>—which led to investors letting "down their due diligence guard."<a href="#cite_note-Helmore-ponzi-2022-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborating_with_media">Collaborating with media</h3></div>

Alex Shephard, writing in the New Republic, asserts that general <a href="Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a>—chairman of the <a href="Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>—engaged in self-beneficial reputation laundering when he acted as a primary source for news media, providing media with inside accounts of events in the Trump White House.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Milley's intention, according to some analysts, was to prompt major media outlets to rehabilitate his reputation (tainted by the association with the <a href="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>) and in exchange, Milley provided insider information to the media.<a href="#cite_note-CJR-26">[26]</a>

Arwa Mahdawi, columnist for The Guardian, characterized <a href="Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>'s appearance on <a href="The_Masked_Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Masked Singer">The Masked Singer</a> as reputation laundering.<a href="#cite_note-AM-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</h3></div>

The <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> government generated a report in 2020, analyzing the activities of <a href="Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-UKREP-28">[28]</a> The report states that the oligarchs had been "extending patronage and building influence across a wide sphere of the British establishment" and had employed public relations firms that were "willing beneficiaries, contributing to a ‘reputation laundering' process".<a href="#cite_note-FINTIM-29">[29]</a>

A notable example of Russian oligarchs participating in reputation laundering is <a href="Viatcheslav_Moshe_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor">Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor</a>, who donated £9 million to <a href="King_Edward_VII's_Hospital" title="King Edward VII's Hospital">King Edward VII's Hospital</a>, a facility used by the UK <a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> and patronized by the queen. The donation came under scrutiny after Kantor was placed under sanctions during the <a href="2022_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion of Ukraine</a>, and the hospital removed Kantor's name from a wing of the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-HOSP-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angolese_kleptocrats">Angolese kleptocrats</h3></div>

According to the <a href="National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, kleptocrats from former Portuguese colony <a href="Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> used Portugal as a base to engage in reputation laundering. In particular, <a href="Isabel_dos_Santos" title="Isabel dos Santos">Isabel dos Santos</a>, the billionaire daughter of Angola’s president, was alleged to engage in reputation laundering. Examples of reputation laundering by Angolese aristocrats included participation in high-profile social events, and promoting philanthropic endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-NED-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louvre_Abu_Dhabi">Louvre Abu Dhabi</h3></div>

According to the <a href="National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, aristocrats of <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> engaged in reputation laundering when they established a partnership with France's <a href="Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum, and created the <a href="Louvre_Abu_Dhabi" title="Louvre Abu Dhabi">Louvre Abu Dhabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NED-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Qorvis#Saudi_Arabia" title="Qorvis">Qorvis § Saudi Arabia</a></div>

The public relations firm <a href="Qorvis" title="Qorvis">Qorvis</a> was hired by <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to improve its image in the wake of the <a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, paying the company $14.7 million between March and September 2002.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Qorvis engaged in a PR frenzy that publicized the "<a href="9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> finding that there was 'no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded <a href="Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, while omitting the report's conclusion that 'Saudi Arabia has been a problematic ally in combating Islamic extremism.'"<a href="#cite_note-Putting_Lipstick_on_a_Dictator-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Petruzzello told The Washington Post that the work was not about "lobbying" but "educating" the public and policy makers.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Qorvis also had lead role in shaping media coverage of the widely criticized <a href="Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led attack on Yemen</a> of 2015. This included the creation of the website operationrenewalofhope.com and helping Saudi officials gain access to US media.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> One example of the latter is a Newsweek article in which the Saudi foreign minister claims that, far from "supporting <a href="Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a>", his country has actually shown "leadership in combating terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

Qorvis has also been employed by Saudi Arabia to repair its image and reputation following <a href="Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">the Kingdom's assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi</a>, receiving $18.8 million from October 2018 through July 2019<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and signing three additional contracts with the Kingdom in spring 2019.<a href="#cite_note-hp-ahmed-10-2019-38">[38]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate sociopolitical activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_philanthropy#Tainted_donors" title="Ethics of philanthropy">Ethics of philanthropy#Tainted donors</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime, p. 166, Phil Williams, Ernesto Ugo Savona, Psychology Press, 1996.

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=reputation+laundering&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,reputation%20laundering;,c0">"Google Books Ngram Viewer"</a>. books.google.com. Retrieved 2022-11-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-GUARD2010-3"><a href="#cite_ref-GUARD2010_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/aug/03/london-public-relations-reputation-laundering">"PR firms make London world capital of reputation laundering"</a>. the Guardian. 2010-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-TIREPORT-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIREPORT_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIREPORT_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org.uk/publications/paradise-lost">"Paradise Lost: Ending the UK's Role as a Safe Haven for Corrupt Individuals, Their Allies and Assets"</a>. Transparency International UK. Retrieved 2022-11-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NED-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NED_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NED_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NED_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NED_5-3">d</a> "Waking up to Reputation Laundering as a Mechanism for Transnational Kleptocracy" Melissa Aten, John Glenn (editors) March 2022, National Endowment for Democracy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf">https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond Allan Thompson, p 509, 2019, McGill-Queen's Press. "So-called 'black' public relations (PR) firms have also played an important role as hired proxies for state-sponsored trolling attacks, notably Bahrain. These firms offer 'reputation laundering' services, which take many forms, including..."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UKPR-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UKPR_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/reputation-laundering-is-lucrative-business-for-london-pr-firms">"'Reputation laundering' is lucrative business for London PR firms"</a>. the Guardian. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2022-11-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2021/12/11/laundering-reputation-gulf-countries-and-sportwashing/">"Laundering Reputation: Gulf Countries and 'Sportwashing' - Berkeley Political Review"</a>. 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2024-04-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2022/mar/02/roman-abramovich-chelsea-uncertain-future">"Unravelling of Roman Abramovich era leaves doubts at Chelsea and beyond | Barney Ronay"</a>. the Guardian. 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-11-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2021/oct/08/saudi-takeover-of-newcastle-leaves-human-rights-to-fog-on-the-tyne">"Saudi takeover of Newcastle leaves human rights to fog on the Tyne | David Conn"</a>. the Guardian. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2022-11-29.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NYMAG-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYMAG_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYMAG_11-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichel2022" class="citation web cs1">Michel, Casey (2022-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/will-oligarchs-reputation-laundering-face-a-reckoning.html">"How Russia's Oligarchs Laundered Their Reputations"</a>. Intelligencer. Retrieved 2023-05-24.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>"Waking up to Reputation Laundering as a Mechanism for Transnational Kleptocracy" Melissa Aten, John Glenn (editors) March 2022, National Endowment for Democracy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf">https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"On Mark Milley, Stephanie Grisham, reputation laundering, and complicity", Jon Allsop, 29 September 2021, Columbia Journalism Review, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/milley_grisham_books_trump.php">https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/milley_grisham_books_trump.php</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"'Reputation laundering' is lucrative business for London PR firms", Mark Sweney, 5 Sep 2017, The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/reputation-laundering-is-lucrative-business-for-london-pr-firms">https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/reputation-laundering-is-lucrative-business-for-london-pr-firms</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"'It's shameful': Russian-linked billionaires have given enormous sums of money to the West's leading educational and cultural institutions", Majlie de Puy Kamp and Isabelle Chapman, 11 May 2022 CNN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/us/russian-oligarchs-philanthropy-ukraine-war-invs/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/us/russian-oligarchs-philanthropy-ukraine-war-invs/index.html</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"The Reputation-Laundering Firm That Ruined Its Own Reputation", Ed Caesar, June 25, 2018 New Yorker Magazine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/25/the-reputation-laundering-firm-that-ruined-its-own-reputation">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/25/the-reputation-laundering-firm-that-ruined-its-own-reputation</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"How Russia's Oligarchs Laundered Their Reputations in the West", Casey Michel, Apr. 1, 2022, New York Magazine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/will-oligarchs-reputation-laundering-face-a-reckoning.html">https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/04/will-oligarchs-reputation-laundering-face-a-reckoning.html</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"British accountants and PR firms told to cut Russia ties", Daniel Thomas, 4 May 2022, The Financial Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f79e55e7-dd07-4fab-b7b8-fa2991a4c4d0">https://www.ft.com/content/f79e55e7-dd07-4fab-b7b8-fa2991a4c4d0</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"Inquiry Into Oligarch's Charity Which Donated to Royal Hospital", William Janes, April 23, 2022, Bloomberg News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-23/inquiry-into-oligarch-s-charity-which-donated-to-royal-hospital">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-23/inquiry-into-oligarch-s-charity-which-donated-to-royal-hospital</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"Lied and need your reputation laundered? Just go on a reality TV show", Arwa Mahdawi, 5 Feb 2022, The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/05/rudy-giuliani-the-masked-singer-week-in-patriarchy">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/05/rudy-giuliani-the-masked-singer-week-in-patriarchy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>"Patrick Radden Keefe on exposing the Sackler family's links to the opioid crisis", Sean O'Hagan, 27 Feb 2022, The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/27/empire-of-pain-patrick-radden-keefe-sackler-opioid-crisis-oxycontin">https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/27/empire-of-pain-patrick-radden-keefe-sackler-opioid-crisis-oxycontin</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Empire of Pain, Patrick Radden Keefe, April 13, 2021, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-54568-6</li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Michel2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casey Michel (2021). American kleptocracy : how the U.S. created the world's greatest money laundering scheme in history (in English and Japanese). Translated by 秋山勝. <a href="St._Martin's_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-250-27452-6</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021026596">2021026596</a>. <a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32726296M">32726296M</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120561805" class="extiw external" title="d:Q120561805">Q120561805</a>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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